Tentera Udara Amerika
Syarikat juruteknik Airman Kanan penyelenggaraan peluru berpandu Theadore Fife
kelihatan di atas mulut peringkat yang ke-3 peluru berpandu nuklear Peacekeeper
mendalam dalam silo bawah tanah di padang rumput Wyoming terdekat Hawk Springs,
Wyoming (U.S. Air Force missile maintenance technician Senior Airman Theadore
Fife looks over the top of the third stage of a Peacekeeper nuclear missile
deep in an underground silo on the Wyoming prairie near Hawk Springs, Wyoming
(Reuters)
Srikandi - Setiausaha
Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat Chuck Hagel mengumumkan baik pulih bagaimana senjata
senjata nuklear Amerika Syarikat yang dikekalkan, menyeru berbilion-bilion dolar
dalam pelaburan untuk menangani pelanggaran keselamatan baru-baru ini dan moral
yg rendah di kalangan pengurusan tenaga nuklear.
Hagel
turunkan pd hari Jumaat keputusan 2 ulasan - satu dilakukan oleh Pentagon
dan satu lagi kuar luar - Daya nuklear protokol penyelenggaraan Amerika
Syarikat yang, pada tahun2 kebelakangan ini, telah dilanda skandal. Ulasan
diperintahkan selepas laporan oleh AP menunjukkan keselamatan, keselamatan,
moral, & kesila-pan kepimpinan di kalangan tenaga nuklear.
"Punca
telah kekurangan yang dialami tumpuan, perhatian dan sumber, menye-babkan rasa
meresap bahawa kerjaya di sebuah syarikat menawarkan nuklear terlalu sedikit
peluang untuk berkembang dan maju," kata Hagel Jumaat.
Ulasan
mendapati struktur kepimpinan tentera Amerika Syarikat nuklear memer-lukan
pembaharuan pegawai diberi telah, pada masa lalu baru2 ini, telah menye-dari
tingkah laku bermasalah dan tumpuan dari orang bawahannya.
Ulasan
juga menunjuk kpd "tenaga kerja yg nuklear yg berdedikasi,
berkebolehan, dan berprestasi baik walaupun berdepan pelbagai cabaran yg
terhasil daripada kekurangan kakitangan, kekurangan sumber, dan bergantung
kepada penuaan dan rapuh sokongan infrastruktur dalam terlebih diperiksa dan
terlalu mengelak risiko alam sekitar, "menurut Jabatan Pertahanan.
Analisis
di Pentagon sendiri dilaporkan masalah, daripada "tidak mencukupi"
dan "penuaan" peralatan dan kemudahan untuk "budaya pemeriksaan
berlebihan" kpd sempadan tidak jelas antara akauntabiliti &
kesempurnaan dalam Tentera Udara.
Satu
contoh keupayaan nuklear penyelenggaraan Amerika Syarikat yang tidak mencukupi
terdapat dalam ulasan: Tidak, sehingga baru-baru ini, hanya satu set alat yang
disediakan untuk mengetatkan bolt pada akhir kepala peledak dari peluru
berpandu Minuteman 3 - dan peluru berpandu darat antara benua balistik (ICBM) -
di ketiga-3 pangkalan Amerika Syarikat ICBM di North Dakota, Wyoming, dan Montana. Bahawa
satu set akan dikongsi melalui penyampaian Federal Express, pegawai pertahanan
kepada AP.
Hagel
juga mengumumkan bahawa berbilion-bilion dolar yang diperlukan dalam tempoh 5
tahun akan datang untuk meningkatkan infrastruktur di kalangan kuasa-kuasa
nuklear.
Sebagai contoh, beliau telah dicadangkan untuk menggantikan UH-1 Huey
armada helikopter penuaan, penting dlm keselamatan di pangkalan ICBM.
Pelaburan
keseluruhan meningkat bagi kuasa-kuasa nuklear Hagel dicadangkan akan kos
kira-kira $ 10 bilion, menurut pegawai-pegawai pertahanan.
US
to Increase Nuclear Weapons Spending - Pentagon
United
States Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel has announced an overhaul of how the US
nuclear weapon arsenal is maintained, calling for billions of dollars in
investment to address recent security violations and low morale among
nuclear-force management.
Hagel
revealed on Friday the results of two reviews - one done by the Pentagon and
another external probe - of US nuclear force maintenance protocol that, in
recent years, has been beset by scandal. The reviews were ordered after
reporting by AP showed security, safety, morale, and leadership lapses among
the nuclear force.
"The
root cause has been lack of sustained focus, attention and resources, resulting
in a pervasive sense that a career in a nuclear enterprise offers too few
opportunities for growth and advancement,” Hagel said Friday.
The
reviews found that the leadership structure of US nuclear forces requires
reform given officials have, in the recent past, been unaware of problematic
behavior and focus from underlings.
The
reviews also pointed to "a nuclear workforce that was dedicated, capable,
and performing well in spite of challenges resulting from being understaffed,
under-resourced, and reliant on an aging and fragile supporting infrastructure
in an over-inspected and overly risk-averse environment," according to the
Defense Department.
The
Pentagon’s own analysis reported problems, from "inadequate" and
"aging" equipment and facilities to "a culture of excessive
inspections" to an ill-defined boundary between accountability and
perfection in the Air Force.
One
example of inadequate US nuclear-maintenance capabilities found in the reviews:
There was, until recently, just one tool set available to tighten bolts on the
warhead end of a Minuteman 3 missile - and land-based intercontinental
ballistic missile (ICBM) - at all three US ICBM bases in North Dakota, Wyoming,
and Montana. That one set would be shared via Federal Express delivery, defense
officials told AP.
Hagel
also announced that billions of dollars are needed in the next five years to
boost infrastructure among the nuclear forces. For instance, he has proposed to
replace the aging UH-1 Huey helicopter fleet, integral in security at ICBM
bases.
The
overall increased investment for nuclear forces Hagel proposed will cost about
$10 billion, according to defense officials.
Setiausaha Pertahanan
Amerika Syarikat Chuck Hagel (US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel (AFP
Photo)
Hagel
berkata beliau akan meletakkan seorang jeneral 4 bintang yang menjaga kuasa
nuklear untuk meredakan kelemahan asas yang ditunjukkan dalam ulasan, termasuk
lebih daripada 100 cadangan untuk meningkatkan daya nuklear.
Penulis
ulasan 'ditemui dgn kegagalan Personel Kebolehpercayaan Program kuasa
nuklear, yang digunakan untuk memantau kecergasan mental ahli perkhidmatan
mengekalkan senjata nuklear yang paling kukuh di DUNIA. Program ini, mereka
dilaporkan, telah menjadi satu proses pentadbiran yg membebankan hanya
meng-halang misi. Hagel telah memerintahkan kepada diperbaharui.
Dalam
tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, kedua-dua kuasa nuklear utk Tentera Laut, yg
mengekalkan kapal selam nuklear bersenjata, & Tentera Udara tlh menghadapi ’ exam-cheating’ ‘scandals’
peperiksaan menipu di kalangan tenaga pengajar latihan reaktor nuklear dan
peluru berpandu anak kapal, masing-masing.
Dalam
tempoh 2 tahun yang lalu, Tentera Udara unit didakwa menjaga senjata nuklear
juga telah gagal sekuriti & keselamatan ‘safety and security’
pemerik-saan dan 2 kali meninggalkan pintu letupan ‘left
open blast doors’ terbuka yang melindungi pusat-pusat kawalan
pelancaran bawah tanah di 2 pangkalan yang berbeza - sekali manakala anak kapal
tidur.
Pada
akhir 2013, AP melaporkan bahawa kajian semula bebas utk Tentera Udara
didapati tanda2 "burnout" dan tahap salah laku di kalangan krew
pelancaran peluru berpandu dan pasukan keselamatan peluru berpandu.
Pakar-pakar
telah pun menyuarakan keraguan tentang pembaharuan Hagel dan sama ada mereka
akan membuat perbezaan.
"Melontar
wang selepas masalah boleh menetapkan beberapa isu teknikal tetapi ia tidak
mungkin untuk menyelesaikan pembubaran itu yang mesti datang dari duduk dalam
lubang silo di Midwest dgn peluru berpandu berwaspada utk bertindak balas
terhadap serangan nuklear yang tidak mungkin pernah datang," Hans
Kristensen, seorang pakar nuklear dengan Persekutuan Saintis Amerika, kepada
AP.
Hagel
said he will put a four-star general in charge of nuclear forces to assuage the
fundamental flaws exemplified in the reviews, which included more than 100
recommendations to boost nuclear forces.
The
reviews’ authors found failings with the nuclear force’s Personnel Reliability
Program, which is used to monitor mental fitness of service members maintaining
the world’s most robust nuclear arsenal. The program, they reported, has become
a burdensome administrative process that has only hindered the mission. Hagel
has ordered it to be reformed.
In
recent years, both nuclear forces for the Navy, which maintains nuclear-armed submarines,
and the Air Force have faced exam-cheating scandals
among nuclear reactor training instructors and missile crew members,
respectively.
In
the past two years, Air Force units charged with keeping up nuclear arsenals
have also failed safety and security
inspections and twice left open
blast doors that protect underground launch control centers at two
different bases - once while crew members slept.
In late
2013, AP reported that an independent review for the Air Force found signs of
“burnout” and high levels of misconduct among missile launch crews and missile
security forces.
Experts
have already voiced skepticism about Hagel’s reforms and whether they would
make a difference.
"Throwing
money after problems may fix some technical issues but it is unlikely to
resolve the dissolution that must come from sitting in a silo hole in the
Midwest with missiles on high alert to respond to a nuclear attack that is
unlikely to ever come," Hans Kristensen, a nuclear expert with the
Federation of American Scientists, told AP.
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